Carotid Artery Resection and Reconstruction due to Benign and Malignant Head and Neck Tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Carotid resection for head and neck cancer is rare, and serious complications may arise since such cancer is frequently detected in advanced stages. The objective is to describe nine cases of carotid artery resection and reconstruction due to tumor invasion. METHODS: The clinical records of nine patients who underwent carotid resection and reconstruction at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Carotid body tumors were evaluated with the aid of a vascular team in case carotid resection was necessary at the time of surgery. CT angiography to determine the status of the circle of Willis was performed in all patients who might undergo carotid resection and reconstruction in case of failure to restore cerebral blood flow and thus reduce possible sequelae due to ligation. RESULTS: Of nine patients, 6 had carotid body tumors, 1 had a thyroid tumor of conglomerate lymph nodes, 1 had a larynx tumor of conglomerate lymph nodes, and 1 had a myofibroblastic tumor. There were no intraoperative cerebrovascular accidents. One patient (11.1%) had a cerebrovascular accident secondary to carotid hematoma in the intermediate postoperative period that required vascular graft removal. One patient (11.1%) died seven days after surgery following an ischemic cerebrovascular accident. Eight patients remain asymptomatic, and 1 patient with recurrence and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid resection remains a controversial issue in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer. However, carotid resection and reconstruction are required for disease control, and complications such as thrombosis or vascular accidents may arise. Fortunately, this is a rare condition. We recommend carotid reconstruction for all patients in whom resection is required for tumor control. Ligation should be a last resort, as seen in the management of one of our patients.

Reduced Levels of Selenium and Thioredoxin Reductase in the Thoracic Aorta Could Contribute to Aneurysm Formation in Patients with Marfan Syndrome.

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a heterozygous mutation of the FBN1 gene. MFS patients present oxidative stress that disturbs redox homeostasis. Redox homeostasis depends in part on the enzymatic antioxidant system, which includes thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione peroxidases (GPx), both of which require an adequate concentration of selenium (Se). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if Se levels are decreased in the TAA of patients with MFS since this could contribute to the formation of an aneurysm in these patients. The results show that interleukins IL-1ß, IL-6 TGF-ß1, and TNF-α (p ≤ 0.03), and carbonylation (p ≤ 0.03) were increased in the TAA of patients with MFS in comparison with control subjects, while Se, thiols (p = 0.02), TrxR, and GPx (p ≤ 0.001) were decreased. TLR4 and NOX1 (p ≤ 0.03), MMP9 and MMP2 (p = 0.04) and NOS2 (p < 0.001) were also increased. Therefore, Se concentrations are decreased in the TAA of MFS, which can contribute to a decrease in the activities of TrxR and GPx, and thiol groups. A decrease in the activities of these enzymes can lead to the loss of redox homeostasis, which can, in turn, lead to an increase in the pro-inflammatory interleukins associated with the overexpression of MMP9 and MMP2.

Seguridad y eficacia de la bioprótesis de válvula cardiaca INC en humanos / Safety and efficacy of the INC bioprosthetic heart valve in humans

Resumen Introducción: Las bioprótesis de válvulas cardiacas son el estándar de oro para el reemplazo quirúrgico de la válvula aórtica en pacientes seleccionados. Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la válvula cardiaca bioprotésica del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología (INC) en humanos. Métodos: Estudio unicéntrico que incluyó 341 pacientes que se sometieron a reemplazo valvular quirúrgico único de válvula aórtica con válvula INC. Resultados: Se realizaron 318 implantes de novo (93 %) y 23 como segunda cirugía (7 %); las puntuaciones STS fueron de 1.4 y 1.8 % y el seguimiento de 42 y 46 meses, respectivamente. No existieron diferencias en las complicaciones ni en la tasa de implantación de marcapasos. Ambos grupos mantuvieron una FEVI normal. Se observó mejoría global en la clase funcional con empeoramiento solo en dos pacientes del grupo de novo. La disfunción de la prótesis INC que ameritó reintervención quirúrgica se observó en ocho pacientes (4.65 %) del grupo de novo versus un paciente (7.69 %) con segunda cirugía. Conclusiones: La válvula cardiaca INC es eficaz y segura, se asocia a baja tasa de complicaciones y mejoría de la clase funcional durante el seguimiento a largo plazo. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos comparativos de esta válvula.

Abstract Introduction: Heart valve bioprostheses are the gold standard for aortic valve surgical replacement in selected patients. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the of the National Institute of Cardiology (INC) bioprosthetic heart alve of the National Institute of Cardiology (INC) bioprosthetic heart valve in humans. Methods: Single-center study that ncluded 341 patients who underwent single surgical aortic valve replacement with INC heart valve. Results: 318 implants were performed de novo (93%) and 23 as redo surgery (7%); STS scores were 1.4 and 1.8%, and follow-up was for 42 and 46 months, respectively. There were no differences in clinical complications or pacemaker implantation rate. Both groups maintained a normal LVEF. Overall improvement in functional class was observed, with worsening only in two patients of the de novo group. INC prosthesis dysfunction requiring surgical reintervention was observed in eight patients (4.65%) of the de novo group vs. one patient in the redo group. Conclusions: The INC heart valve is efficacious and safe, and is associated with a The INC heart valve is efficacious and safe, and is associated with a low rate of complications and functional class improvement during long-term follow-up. Prospective, comparative studies of this valve are required.

Cardiothoracic surgery and peripheral endovascular intervention in cardiovascular damage from a cohort of orphan rheumatological diseases-epidemiological and survival analysis.

Background: Aortic diseases in some orphan rheumatological diseases require medical, surgical or peripheral endovascular intervention because they can be catastrophic. Objectives: to analyze the main clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA), Marfan syndrome (MS) and similar conditions that were treated with cardiothoracic surgery and peripheral endovascular intervention. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive cohort study that included patients of any age and gender with TA (as per the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and EULAR/PRINTO), MS (according to Ghent criteria), and similar conditions who underwent cardiothoracic surgery or peripheral endovascular intervention. Data were collected from electronic charts. Results: A total of 77 patients with TA and 135 patients with MS and similar conditions were included. The frequency of surgical or interventional requirements in patients with TA and MS/similar conditions was 77/364 (21.2%) and 135/300 (45%), respectively; such patients were followed for a median of 6 [2-12] and 3.29 (0.42-6.62) years, with (maximum follow-up range of 47 and 21.37 years, respectively). Aneurysms were present in 11 (14.3%) and 66 (48.9%) in patients with TA and MS/similar conditions, respectively. Aortic, mitral and tricuspid valve damage occurred in 8 (10.4%) patients, 4 (5.2%) patients and 1 (1.3%) patient with TA, respectively; corresponding frequencies in patients with MS/similar conditions were 98 (72.6%), 50 (37.0%) and 20 (14.8%). We identified that 20% of patients with TA died after 5.08 years (95% CI: 0.23-25.42 years) and 20 % of the patients with MS and other similar conditions died after 7.52 years (95% CI: 1.10-9.02 years). Conclusions: The frequency of surgical intervention was low in this study. Long-term prognosis is good if surgery is performed in a timely manner. Epidemiological studies provide relevant information for public health decisions related to the management of orphan rheumatological diseases.

Safety and efficacy of the INC bioprosthetic heart valve in humans.

INTRODUCTION: Heart valve bioprostheses are the gold standard for aortic valve surgical replacement in selected patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the National Institute of Cardiology (INC) bioprosthetic heart valve in humans. METHODS: Single-center study that included 341 patients who underwent single surgical aortic valve replacement with INC heart valve. RESULTS: 318 implants were performed de novo (93%) and 23 as redo surgery (7%); STS scores were 1.4 and 1.8%, and follow-up was for 42 and 46 months, respectively. There were no differences in clinical complications or pacemaker implantation rate. Both groups maintained a normal LVEF. Overall improvement in functional class was observed, with worsening only in two patients of the de novo group. INC prosthesis dysfunction requiring surgical reintervention was observed in eight patients (4.65%) of the de novo group vs. one patient in the redo group. CONCLUSIONS: The INC heart valve is efficacious and safe, and is associated with a low rate of complications and functional class improvement during long-term follow-up. Prospective, comparative studies of this valve are required.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las bioprótesis de válvulas cardiacas son el estándar de oro para el reemplazo quirúrgico de la válvula aórtica en pacientes seleccionados. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la válvula cardiaca bioprotésica del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología (INC) en humanos. MÉTODOS: Estudio unicéntrico que incluyó 341 pacientes que se sometieron a reemplazo valvular quirúrgico único de válvula aórtica con válvula INC. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 318 implantes de novo (93 %) y 23 como segunda cirugía (7 %); las puntuaciones STS fueron de 1.4 y 1.8 % y el seguimiento de 42 y 46 meses, respectivamente. No existieron diferencias en las complicaciones ni en la tasa de implantación de marcapasos. Ambos grupos mantuvieron una FEVI normal. Se observó mejoría global en la clase funcional con empeoramiento solo en dos pacientes del grupo de novo. La disfunción de la prótesis INC que ameritó reintervención quirúrgica se observó en ocho pacientes (4.65 %) del grupo de novo versus un paciente (7.69 %) con segunda cirugía. CONCLUSIONES: La válvula cardiaca INC es eficaz y segura, se asocia a baja tasa de complicaciones y mejoría de la clase funcional durante el seguimiento a largo plazo. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos comparativos de esta válvula.

Sarcoma de mediastino. Serie de casos y revisión de la literatura. Departamento de Oncología Torácica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. INCan / Mediastinal sarcoma. Literature review and a series of cases. Department of Thoracic Oncology. National Institute of Cancerology. INCan

Resumen El sarcoma de mediastino es un raro tumor que representa menos del 10% de los tumores del mediastino y alrededor del 1-2% de todas las neoplasias malignas en general. Debe abordarse en centros de referencia, donde se evalué multidisciplinariamente y se tengan opciones de manejo multimodal, infraestructura que permita la resección y reconstrucción quirúrgica mayor y estricto seguimiento, teniendo en cuenta la alta recurrencia local, cercana al 30%. Exponemos una serie de casos presentados a lo largo de 20 años de experiencia con la participación de varios departamentos, ajustándonos a la definición y manejo con la literatura actual.

Abstract Mediastinum sarcoma is a rare tumor that represents less than 10% of mediastinal tumors and about 1-2% of all malignancies in general. It should be approached in reference centers with multidisciplinary evaluation and multimodal management options, with an infrastructure that allows surgical resection and reconstruction and strict follow-up, taking into account the high local recurrence that is close to 30%. Therefore, we present a series of cases in 20 years of experience with the participation of several departments and adjusting the definition and management with the current literature.

Reparación de vena yugular interna única después de recurrencia por cáncer de laringe / Repair of solitary internal jugular vein after laryngeal cancer recurrence

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[Morbidity and hospital cost reduction in cardiac surgery using a presurgery ambulatory strategy]. / Reducción de la morbilidad y de los costos hospitalarios en cirugía cardiaca, mediante una estrategia prequirúrgica ambulatoria.

UNLABELLED: In our hospital, the patients that need an elective cardiac surgery are admitted through the admission department on the basis of a waiting list. Since 1999, a fast track to hospitalization program has existed in the National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez for patients with low surgical risk. Later, in 2004, this program was extended to patients to moderate risk, based on rules accepted worldwide, and our own experience. OBJECTIVES: 1) To compare two ways of admission that are used currently: fast track to hospitalization, against admission department waiting list. We compared major events: death or events that increased the hospital stay by more than 14 days (infections, alterations of rhythm and conduction, reoperations and others), 2) To compare the days of hospitalization and money spent by the hospital. METHODS: We conformed 2 groups of 347 patients. The admission department waiting list group was admitted before doing their preoperative studies, which is the customary form for hospitalization by our admissions department, while the group of fast track to hospitalization was obligated to have their laboratory exams complete and any other diseases resolved or controlled previously. The monetary cost per patient for the hospital was calculated based on the patient's socioeconomic classification. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Student t test was conduncted on independent samples and numerical variables, and Chi square for categorical variables. We considered a p <0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: In average in both groups, 75% underwent valve operation and 25% underwent congenital heart disease repair, 49% were women, age 47 15 years. The comparison between the groups fast track to hospitalization and admission department waiting list group were: Mortality: 4.3% vs. 5.8% (p=0.38). Major events that needed a hospital stay of more than 14 days: 73 vs. 97 cases respectively (p = 0.032). Infections: 22 vs. 29 (p = 0.14). Mediastinitis: 2 vs. 9 respectively (p = 0.033). In-hospital stay: were 11 days vs. 20 days (p = 0.0001), the biggest difference was found in the pre-surgical time: 2 vs. 9 days respectively (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The postoperative morbidity in general was lower in fast track to hospitalization group, and the mediastinitis showed a decrease with statistical significance. The time interval between hospital admission an operation in fast track to hospitalization group was significantly shorter. We believe that the decrease in the exposure time to nosocomial pathogens present in the hospital environment was directly related to the low number of mediastinitis. Finally, the decrease in time of hospital stay represented a 32% monetary savings for the hospital.

Reducción de la morbilidad y de los costos hospitalarios en cirugía cardiaca, mediante una estrategia prequirúrgica ambulatoria / Morbidity and hospital cost reduction in cardiac surgery using a presurgery ambulatory strategy

Los pacientes que van a una cirugía electiva de corazón, se internan a través de una lista de espera de admisión hospitalaria. Desde 1999 existe en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, la "vía rápida de internamiento" para pacientes de bajo riesgo quirúrgico, que en el 2004 se extendió a riesgo moderado, tomando como base criterios propios y criterios internacionalmente aceptados. Objetivos: 1) comparar las dos alternativas de internamiento utilizadas actualmente: vía de internamiento rápido; y el internamiento a través de la lista de espera del departamento de admisión, tomando en consideración los eventos mayores que presentaron como: muerte o complicaciones que prolongaron la estancia hospitalaria a más de 14 días (Infecciones, reoperación, alteraciones del ritmo y de la conducción y otros). 2) Comparar los días de estancia y consumo de recursos hospitalarios. Métodos: Se tomaron dos cohortes de 347 pacientes, el grupo control fue obtenido de la lista de espera del departamento de admisión, mientras que el grupo de la vía de internamiento rápido, tuvo como requisito tener los estudios preoperatorios completos y a los enfermos con comorbilidad resuelta o compensada. Los gastos generados al hospital por cada paciente se calcularon de acuerdo a la clasificación socioeconómica de los enfermos. Análisis estadístico: Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes y variables numéricas y Ji cuadrada para las variables categóricas, se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0.05. Resultados: Ambos grupos se conformaron por un promedio de 75% con patología valvular y 25% con patología congénita simple, 49.9% fueron mujeres, la edad promedio fue de 47 ± 15 años. Las comparaciones del grupo de la vía de internamiento rápido con el grupo admitido a través de la lista de admisión fueron: Mortalidad: 4.3% vs. 5.8% (p = 0.38). Eventos mayores que ameritaron una estancia hospitalaria mayor a 14 días: 73 vs. 97 casos respectivamente (p = 0.032). Procesos infecciosos en general: 22 vs. 29 (p = 0.14). Mediastinitis: dos vs. nueve respectivamente (p = 0.033). Días de estancia hospitalaria: 11 vs. 20 (p = 0.0001). La mayor diferencia se encontró en el tiempo preoperatorio: dos vs. nueve días respectivamente (p = 0.0001). Conclusión: La morbilidad posquirúrgica en conjunto fue significativamente menor en el grupo de la vía de internamiento rápido, y dentro de esta, las mediastinitis se presentaron con menor frecuencia, con diferencia estadística. El tiempo preoperatorio fue mucho menor en el grupo de la vía de internamiento rápido, esto disminuyó el tiempo de exposición a microorganismos nosocomiales lo que creemos puede explicar la disminución de los eventos de mediastinitis. Finalmente, la reducción en el tiempo de hospitalización en el grupo de la vía de internamiento rápido, dio como resultado un ahorro monetario para el hospital de 32%.

In our hospital, the patients that need an elective cardiac surgery are admitted through the admission department on the basis of a waiting list. Since 1999, a fast track to hospitalization program has existed in the National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez for patients with low surgical risk. Later, in 2004, this program was extended to patients to moderate risk, based on rules accepted worldwide, and our own experience. Objectives: 1) To compare two ways of admission that are used currently: fast track to hospitalization, against admission department waiting list. We compared major events: death or events that increased the hospital stay by more than 14 days (infections, alterations of rhythm and conduction, reoperations and others), 2) To compare the days of hospitalization and money spent by the hospital. Methods: We conformed 2 groups of 347 patients. The admission department waiting list group was admitted before doing their preoperative studies, which is the customary form for hospitalization by our admissions department, while the group of fast track to hospitalization was obligated to have their laboratory exams complete and any other diseases resolved or controlled previously. The monetary cost per patient for the hospital was calculated based on the patient's socioeconomic classification. Statistical analysis: Student t test was conducted on independent samples and numerical variables, and Chi square for categorical variables. We considered a p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results: In average in both groups, 75% underwent valve operation and 25% underwent congenital heart disease repair, 49% were women, age 47± 15 years. The comparison between the groups fast track to hospitalization and admission department waiting list group were: Mortality: 4.3% vs. 5.8% (p=0.38). Major events that needed a hospital stay of more than 14 days: 73 vs. 97 cases respectively (p = 0.032). Infections: 22 vs. 29 (p = 0.14). Mediastinitis: 2 vs. 9 respectively (p = 0.033). In-hospital stay: were 11 days vs. 20 days (p = 0.0001), the biggest difference was found in the pre-surgical time: 2 vs. 9 days respectively (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: The postoperative morbidity in general was lower in fast track to hospitalization group, and the mediastinitis showed a decrease with statistical significance. The time interval between hospital admission and operation in fast track to hospitalization group was significantly shorter. We believe that the decrease in the exposure time to nosocomial pathogens present in the hospital environment was directly related to the low number of mediastinitis. Finally, the decrease in time of hospital stay represented a 32% monetary savings for the hospital.

[Extreme aortic coarctaction, severe aortic regurgitation and heart failure relieved immediately after stent aortoplasty, and complete resolution through Bental/de Bono surgical repair]. / Alivio inmediato de la insuficiencia cardíaca en la coartación de la aorta posterior a la aortoplastía con stent, y mejoría absoluta, posterior a la operación de Bentall y de Bono. (Presentación de un caso).

When aneurysm of the root of aorta, bicuspid aorta valve and coarctation coexist, surgical repair involves technical problems. We present the case of a patient in whom initial correction of the coarctation was made by means of interventional treatment, with an impressive and practically immediate resolution of heart failure. In a second intervartional, the aortic root pathology was corrected through the Bentall and de Bono's surgical technique. We present the short- and mid-term results. In addition this case demostrates the little well-know fact, that the patients with bicuspid aorta also have cystic media degeneration of the wall of the aorta.

[The aortic aneurysms and therapeutic management]. / Los aneurismas de la aorta torácica y su enfoque terapéutico.

The aorta was saw has a tube who transport blood from the heart to all the human economy, today we see the aorta like an specific organ who not only is design to transport the blood and it is elements, the aorta also produce hormones and elements of the inflammatory responds and control the systemic pressure. That's why the aorta has it specific illness. In the entire world the pathology of the aorta is quite frequent with the appearance of a lot of new cases and occupies a predominant place in the general mortality of countries like United States of America, Japan or Brazil. This pathology needs the utilization of large amounts of economics, human and structural resources. In Mexico do not have the statistical information of the aortic illness because it is few diagnosed, and when induce death it confusing to another diseases. In the present time with the new no invasive diagnostic methods more approachable to the general population this disease is easier to diagnose. That is why he need to develop a multidisciplinary specialize group who can make the diagnosed and do the specific treatment for these disease.

Alivio inmediato de la insuficiencia cardíaca en la coartación de la aorta posterior a la aortoplastía con stent, y mejoría absoluta, posterior a la operación de Bentall y de Bono. (Presentación de un caso) / Extreme aortic coarctaction, severe aortic regurgitation and heart failure relieved immediately after stent aortoplasty, and complete resolution through Bental/de Bono surgical repair

When aneurysm of the root of aorta, bicuspid aorta valve and coarctation coexist, surgical repair involves technical problems. We present the case of a patient in whom initial correction of the coarctation was made by means of interventional treatment, with an impressive and practically immediate resolution of heart failure. In a second intervartional, the aortic root pathology was corrected through the Bentall and de Bono's surgical technique. We present the short- and mid-term results. In addition this case demostrates the little well-know fact, that the patients with bicuspid aorta also have cystic media degeneration of the wall of the aorta.

Los aneurismas de la aorta torácica y su enfoque terapéutico / The aortic aneurysms and therapeutic management

The aorta was saw has a tube who transport blood from the heart to all the human economy, today we see the aorta like an specific organ who not only is design to transport the blood and it is elements, the aorta also produce hormones and elements of the inflammatory responds and control the systemic pressure. That's why the aorta has it specific illness. In the entire world the pathology of the aorta is quite frequent with the appearance of a lot of new cases and occupies a predominant place in the general mortality of countries like United States of America, Japan or Brazil. This pathology needs the utilization of large amounts of economics, human and structural resources. In Mexico do not have the statistical information of the aortic illness because it is few diagnosed, and when induce death it confusing to another diseases. In the present time with the new no invasive diagnostic methods more approachable to the general population this disease is easier to diagnose. That is why he need to develop a multidisciplinary specialize group who can make the diagnosed and do the specific treatment for these disease.